Political Science Courses
Survey of the principles, political institutions, and practices of American national, state, and local politics. Elucidation of how people can affect government processes and decisions, and how government processes and policies affect people.
Introduction to the conduct of political inquiry and methods of political research.
Theoretical approaches to the comparative study of national political systems.
Survey of the evolution of the modern state system and the basic forces in international relations.
Survey of fundamental concepts in political theory such as liberty, equality, and authority.
Study of the administrative principles and practices in the areas of organization, personnel management, budgeting, government regulation, and democratic controls.
Study of the institutions and functions of American state and local governments and their relationship to the political process.
Activities of parties and pressure groups in American politics. Attention is given to the social composition, organization, finance, and nominating processes of parties.
Analysis of the politics and processes of the U.S. Congress, including its Constitutional origins, evolution, current structures and rules, elections, and relationships with the public and other political actors.
Examination of the U.S. Presidency, including its Constitutional origins and historical evolution; current structure, selection, and powers; and relationships with the broader executive bureaucracy, Congress, and the public.
Introductory analysis of judicial organization, processes, and behavior, with emphasis on the institutional characteristics of the courts.
Law school is often portrayed as an incredibly challenging endeavor. Law school brings together the smartest students from colleges and universities and pits them in an intense, often times, aggressive environment. From the famed Socratic Method of instruction to quite literally learning Latin terms and phrases and discerning what language in opinions really matters, law school challenges both the mind and the will of those who attend it. Significant for this course, law school will refine the way that one thinks, writes, speaks, and lives. This course aims to prepare its students for the academic, social, and emotional rigor of law school.
Examination of the party system of the Southern states in terms of its origin, nature, distribution of power, and impact on national politics.
This course will examine freedom of expression from philosophical, legal, and political perspectives. Students will discuss and evaluate philosophical arguments for protecting freedom of expression, and arguments for regulating expression. The largest section of the course will review the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretations of the First Amendment’s freedom of speech provision. We will also investigate contemporary issues related to freedom of expression.
Study of the constitutional foundations of federalism and the separation of powers, with emphasis on the role of the Supreme Court.
Study of the Constitution's protections for civil rights and civil liberties, and the Supreme Court's interpretations of them.
Supervised independent reading and research. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 hours, with permission of the department.
Course content varies from offering to offering. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 hours, with permission of the department.
This course focuses on aspects of US political institutions, attitudes, and/or behavior not typically covered in depth in the department's regular course offerings in American politics. Specific offerings will vary by semester and instructor.
This course covers politics in a country or region not typically covered in depth in the department's regular course offerings, or involves a cross-national analysis of a political institution, issue, policy, or behavior not typically addressed in our regular comparative politics courses. Offerings vary by instructor and semester.
This course addresses aspects of international relations (e.g., diplomacy, trade, conflict, and/or international organizations) not typically covered in depth in the department's regular IR course offerings. Specific offerings vary by semester and instructor. Students must consult the International Studies program director to ascertain whether and/or how a particular edition of this course might apply to the INST major or minor.
This course addresses theorists, issues, cultures, and/or historical eras not typically covered in depth in the Political Science Department's regular course offerings in Political Theory. Specific topics will vary by instructor and semester.
This course addresses issues and/or substantive areas within Public Administration and/or Public Policy that are not covered in depth in the Department's regular course offerings. Specific offerings will vary by semester and instructor. Applicability of specific editions of this course to the Public Policy Minor depends on evaluation by the Coordinator of the Public Policy Minor.
Examination of democratization processes and outcomes in different areas of the world, as well as success and failure in institutionalizing fully democratic systems. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
This course explores political and economic development within the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
This course will examine Latin American political and economic developments throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries.
Elections have become a near-universal phenomenon in today’s politics. In democracies, elections allow citizens to choose their representatives and express their (dis)satisfaction with the government’s policies. Many non-democratic regimes also hold elections; these elections allow the authoritarian leaders to present themselves as legitimate but may occasionally result in a genuine democratization. In all contexts, elections test the government's popularity and can function as a rallying point for the opposition. This course examines electoral systems, turnout, and voting behavior around the world, examining several key questions: Why do people bother to vote? How do they decide which candidates or parties to support? How are their votes translated into electoral and policy outcomes? How can elections be manipulated? What are the roles of elections in authoritarian regimes?.
Analysis of the democracies of Western Europe. Attention is given to participation, societal cleavages, elections, parties, government institutions, policy making, and the European Union.
This course introduces students to the politics of contemporary Africa. It challenges the dominant representations of the continent as conflict prone, economically underdeveloped, and political unstable. Instead, the course presents Africa as a dynamic region comprised of 54 independent states with diverse political and economic realities. Students will explore core themes such as the politics of the state, politics of identity, economic and political development, the politics of conflict and cooperation, and the role of Africa in global affairs. These themes are examined through a variety of learning materials and collaborative-learning methods that expose students to dominant theoretical approaches and political science methodologies. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
This course is designed to introduce advanced undergraduate students to contemporary Middle East politics. The course adopts a thematic approach to the study of Middle East politics. Important themes and questions in comparative politics will guide analysis of the complex political realities in the contemporary Middle East. The course begins with a historical overview of the emergence of the modern state system in the contemporary Middle East. The rest of the course draws on the tools of comparative politics to address some of the major issues facing the Middle East which include, but are not limited to, authoritarianism, political participation, identity politics, economic development, the political economy of oil, Islamist social and political movements, and the politics of gender.
This course will examine the political history of Mexico and will also provide a survey of contemporary issues in Mexican politics.
This course covers a variety of topics related to civil war using a theoretical and scientific perspective. Topics include the distribution, onset, outcome, recurrence and duration of civil wars, and the management of civil war though third party mediation and negotiated settlements.
The surprising persistence of authoritarian regimes since the end of the Cold War has inspired a major new literature in comparative politics on how non-democracy works. This course will address a number of important questions related to the functioning of authoritarian regimes and will explore authoritarian politics in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia, and the post-Soviet countries.
How are we to make sense of the present-day conflict between Israelis and Palestinians? How do the parties involved see that conflict, and how does it fit into our own conceptions of religion and politics, war and peace, place and space? Why does it seem so intractable? Why does it occupy such prominence in contemporary political discourse? Through an examination of primary and secondary historical texts, literary works, films and artwork, we will explore the origins and unfolding of this conflict both internally (ie, as emerging from within distinct social-political moments for the people involved) and externally (in relation to broader geopolitical and economic developments). As the conflict remains ongoing, we will strive for compassionate, nuanced engagement; to understand rather than judge; and to find hope for new possibilities.
Global governance refers to institutions, regimes and rules that regulate the conduct of global politics in multiple areas. This class focuses on the challenges facing global governance regimes, such as demands for reform, fragmentation, the establishment of alternative institutions, regionalism and normative resistance. Students will learn about how these challenges impact multiple domains of global politics, including the UN Security Council, the global economy, international law, security, health, and the environment.
Key political theorists from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Assigned texts may vary, but typically include works by Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, J. S. Mill, Marx, and Nietzsche. Topics include conceptions of a just society, the state, the value of political participation, liberty, and equality.
This course explores the fundamental ideas and concepts of political thought in the ancient world, focusing on key philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. Students will engage with texts that address the nature of justice, the role of the individual in society, and the ideal state, examining how these early theories have shaped contemporary political discourse. Through critical analysis and discussion, we will investigate the historical context of these ideas, their implications for governance, and their relevance to modern political challenges. By the end of the course, students will develop a nuanced understanding of the roots of political philosophy and its enduring impact on contemporary political structures and debates.
Study of governmental revenue and expenditure policies with emphasis on the budget as a method of administrative and fiscal control.
An examination of traditional and contemporary organizational theory and its application to public administration.
A historical and contemporary assessment of the political, social and economic development of African-Americans in the American political system.
This introductory environmental policy course reviews major developments in environmental regulation in the United States, considered in a global context. Readings examine the evolution of U.S. environmental policy, the form and function of social institutions used to govern human-environment interactions, including markets, state and civil society, and conventions, norms, and morals. U.S. and U.N. legal structures, agencies, and NGOs are addressed, with attention to comparative regulatory frameworks. The “new institutional approach,” “resource regimes,” and various incremental and transformative institutional reforms are discussed. The impact of economic and cultural factors—including class, race, gender, and location—on resource use and other policy decisions affecting the physical and built environments will be explored. Evolving institutional approaches to energy use, such as sustainability, “wise use,” adaptive management, and resilience are examined. This course is cross-listed with NEW 365.
This class provides an in-depth examination of the purpose and influence of interest groups in American politics. At the simplest level, interest groups are organizations that try to influence government. Students will start the semester exploring the role of interest groups in the American polity, why and how groups form, who joins groups and why, and how groups survive. Students will then investigate questions of influence; specifically what groups have influence and to what end. While looking at influence, students will consider the relationship between interest groups and political and linkage institutions. Our look at interest group activities will lead us through topics such as lobbying, political action committees (PACs), campaign contributions, protest, and the like. Students will consider normative questions about the role of groups, such as, do they undermine democracy or enhance it, and consider empirical questions, such as what influence do groups really have?.
In this course we will examine the causes and consequences of social movements in U.S. politics. Although social scientists have defined “social movements” in somewhat different ways, we will rely on a relatively simple definition that reflects the shared elements of all of the definitions found in the literature. Social movements are collective, organized efforts of non-state actors to promote or resist change, that rely in whole or in part on unconventional political tactics. Throughout U.S. history, it is difficult to identify major examples of policy change that were not spurred by social movement activity. Yet, social movements remain the least studied form of political influence within the discipline of political science. Therefore, much of the material from this course will draw from the fields of sociology and history, where the majority of the research on social movements can be found.
This course provides a broad overview of public policy in the United States. In addition to learning about the policy process and policy analysis, we will examine the historical context and contemporary status of several policy issues.
Many of the most contentious issues in American politics – abortion, same-sex marriage, and even issues of foreign policy – are connected to religious issues. This course will examine the intersection of religion and American politics, both historically and in the present day. Students will consider the role religion played in shaping America’s political culture, religions role in debates over slavery and civil rights, the rise and fall of the Christian right, and the political consequences of growing secularism.
Voting and political participation explores what motivates people to engage in politics. Students will learn about the costs of abstention, or the costs that people bear for not participating in politics. Turning the usual “cost-benefit” calculus on its head, students will instead consider the conditions under which “sitting out” of politics is unbearable. Then, students look specifically at young voters. This research explores whether the political motivations of young and older voters are different and why they vote at different rates. Finally, students investigate why people prefer certain candidates over others, along with why campaigns try and target “persuadable” voters. Taken together, students will leave the course with a better appreciation for why citizens bear the costs to get involved in the messy work of politics.
This course explores research on the relationship between the media and politics. Substantively, this corner of academia involves a diverse mix of disciplines, ranging from the economics of news production (business, economics), to media effects (advertising, psychology), to journalistic practices (ethics), and even the ways in which institutions shape behavior (politics). In turn, the study of media and politics is also methodologically diverse, incorporating experiments, surveys, web-scraping, and even qualitative analysis. Over the semester term, students will read widely – from histories of the media, to empirical analysis of how the media shapes what people know about politics. Throughout this work, students will be encouraged to pay special attention to the role that media and technology play in shaping how citizens practice democracy.
Free and fair elections are the backbone of a healthy democracy. As such, election rules and administration constitute an area of public policy where states continuously experiment and implement new reforms. From online voting registration, to redistricting, to mail voting, there is no scarcity of proposals for improvement. However, motivations behind these reforms are varied and their implications are somehow controversial. Are American elections working well? Why is there a need for electoral reform? How have these reforms affected turnout, representation, and voter behavior? What are the benefits and drawbacks of these reforms? This course will rely on these prominent questions, while focusing on specific election reforms.
This course will focus on key issues in political participation and its implications for democracy. While the primary focus will be on political participation in the United States, some parts of the course will include a comparative element. This course is designed to expose students to both foundational and recent literature in political participation and provide a general overview of the determinants of political participation in America. More specifically, throughout the semester, we will discuss questions such as: Who participates in politics, who doesn’t, and why? What are the different types of political participation? What encourages participation, and what suppresses it? How does political participation affect social inequalities? How do institutions affect participation? Most importantly, does political participation eve matter? During our discussions, students will pay close attention to methods: how scholars theorize, design research, and present evidence.
This course is designed to permit dedicated instructional time to special issues in the current year’s American Mock Trial Association competition problem. The instructional time will be spent both on examination of specific legal issues and questions present in the case and practical exercises, meant to sharpen individual and team trial advocacy skills.
This course is designed to focus on special issues in the current year’s American Mock Trial Association competition problem. The course will focus on both on examination of specific legal issues and questions present in the criminal case and practical exercises, meant to sharpen individual and team trial advocacy skills.
Students may receive credit for internships they secure in offices, agencies or organizations related to Political Science. Students must secure the agreement of a faculty member to supervise the internship.
The formation, distribution, structure, properties, and techniques of measuring public opinions in the United States.
Examination of the forces and processes affecting United States foreign relations. Attention is also given to the content and problems of contemporary American foreign policy.
This is an overview of the key components of Foreign Policy Decision Making (FPDM). Students are expected to learn the theories and models of FPDM and be able to apply them to case studies of foreign decisions. This course is distinguished from PSC 413 by specifically focusing on how and why decisions are made.
The objective of this course is to understand how gender influences women’s representation and women’s role in the electoral process, both as voters as well as candidates and office holders. We will discuss the concept of gender and cultural norms of womanhood and the way they impact women in the political arena. The political representation of women and their interests, as well as women’s experiences as citizens, candidates, and elected officials, cannot be understood without this contextual lens. Over the course of this class, we will investigate women’s participation, the conceptualization of women’s interests, women’s portrayal in the media and women’s effectiveness as legislators, both on the state as well as the congressional level in the US. PSC 101, highly recommended.
May be repeated for a maximum of 12 hours. Selected problems in various areas of political science. Topics, instructors, and political science subfields covered will vary by instructor and semester. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
May be repeated for a maximum of 6 hours. Selected problems in various areas in political science.
The course deals with the international trade and finance regimes, foreign economic policy, transnational corporations in the world economy, North/South and East/West relations, and the implications of economic interdependence.
This course explores politics and society in Russia. Over the last hundred years, Russia has experienced major political transformations, many of them with consequences extending beyond its borders. In order to understand these upheavals and their impact on contemporary Russian politics, students will draw upon theories of political development and comparative regime transitions. At the core of this course is the crucial puzzle: why did Russia return to non-democratic politics just a few years after throwing off seven decades of one-party rule? Students will trace Russia's past to understand its present: the Soviet system, Gorbachev's perestroika, the collapse of the USSR, the troubled birth of new Russia, and Putin's rise to power. Students will examine the following topics: economic transition, parties and elections, federalism, public opinion, corruption, and mass protest. Students will also compare Russia's post-Soviet trajectory with that of her neighboring states.
This course will introduce you to the government, politics and policy of the United Kingdom (UK). Topics will include political history, parties, interest groups, elections, governing institutions (Parliament, the Prime Minister and Cabinet), regional issues including Northern Ireland, Britain’s process of leaving the European Union (“Brexit”), and a number of specific policy areas. After a brief survey of the political history of Britain, the course will focus on post-WWII politics and policy, from the creation of the National Health Service and the growth of the welfare state in the early post-war years, to the “Thatcher revolution” of the 1980s and its emphasis on free market principles, Prime Minister Tony Blair’s “Third Way” policies, the coalition government of 2010-15, and the current minority government. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
This is an introductory course into two distinct subjects: terrorism and Islamist movements. The main aim of the course is to show when and why Islamists turn violent, but it also emphasizes that not all Islamists are terrorists. The first part discusses correlates of terrorism, including agents, strategies, and ideologies of terrorist organizations as well as the causal underpinnings of terrorist group formation. The course’s second part highlights varieties in Islamist organization, namely social movements, opposition groups, state actors, and militant organizations. The final part of the course focuses on empirical examples of Islamist terrorist organizations: Hamas, Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, and the Islamic State. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
Examination of the various kinds of violent conflicts in which nation-states become involved.
Analysis of domestic policy in advanced industrialized democracies, looking at both policy process and policy substance. Attention will be given to the questions of how and why policies differ across countries, and how one might evaluate policy performance cross-nationally. Writing proficiency within this discipline is required for a passing grade in this course.
This course focuses on understanding and analyzing why states create international institutions and why the effects of these institutions vary. Divided into two sections, students will begin with conceptual and theoretical analysis of why states create international institutions and why such institutions do or do not produce desired outcomes. Next, students will examine how international governance has evolved in four different issue areas – peace and security, the international the environment, and human rights – and what the current challenges are.
Humanitarian action, that is the desire to relieve the suffering of distant strangers, is an idea that is centuries old. And yet, this idea has always been tangled up with ethical and political questions: What are the bases of the desire to help distant strangers? Is there a responsibility or an obligation to help strangers in need? How do we know when humanitarian action is required? In a context of multiple emergencies, which strangers become recipients of humanitarian action and aid? Are there moral and ethical bases of choosing or is it all political?.
The course will cover a variety of topics that link security and political economy. Writing proficiency within this discipline is required for a passing grade in this course.
Russia's attack on Ukraine has once again put the future of the "rules-based international-order" or as some call it "the liberal international order" into question. But, what is an international order? What is the liberal international order? Have there been other international orders in the past? If the liberal international order is collapsing, what might come after it? To discuss these questions, the class will introduce students to IR debates on international orders, past examples such as the European imperial and the Sinocentric order, as well as alternative imaginations such as postcolonial visions of order.
This course considers how the lens of “race” might offer different ways to understand aspects of global politics, US foreign policy, and the development of international relations (IR) as a field of academic knowledge within the United States. The course begins by explaining what is meant by the socially constructed notion of race and survey different ideas about how it might be relevant to understanding the history of global politics and contemporary international relations. Drawing on the scholars of the so-called “Howard School of IR,” students will explore scholarship that highlights structures of hierarchies in the international system. Students will then consider the relationship between the domestic struggle for civil rights and US foreign policy during the Cold War, diverse African American perspectives on US foreign policy, the politics of migration and mobility, and the future of global order. The course concludes by considering proposals to reform, expand, and/or “decolonize” the field of international relations. Writing proficiency within the discipline is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student in this discipline will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
This course surveys the evolution of regional geopolitics in the Middle East. It traces how colonialism, state building, and nationalism formed the Middle East regional system and how domestic political struggles, external inventions, and geopolitical rivalries have defined shifts in state and societal insecurity and the dynamics of the regional order. Special attention is given to US diplomatic and military interventions in the region, their regional consequences, and state and societal opposition to US influence in the region. The course also considers the “new Arab wars” in the wake of the Arab Uprisings, the rise of new regional powers and non-state actors, and current debates about the future evolution of regional politics and the role of the US in the region. PSC 204 is recommended before taking this course, but not required. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student in Political Science or International Relations will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other aspects of the course.
Investigates primary sources and secondary literature covering the origin and direction of the U.S. political ideology. Topics typically include liberalism, civic republicanism, and debates between contemporary scholars concerning American exceptionalism.
This course examines the multifaceted concepts of national identity, exploring how nations define themselves through shared history, culture, language, and values. Students will delve into theoretical frameworks from key thinkers and analyze the interplay between nationalism and identity formation in various contexts. Through a comparative lens, students will investigate case studies that illustrate the complexities of national identity, including issues of ethnicity, migration, and globalization. By the end of the course, students will critically assess how national identities are constructed, contested, and transformed, equipping them with the analytical tools to engage with contemporary debates on nationalism and belonging.
Study of the American public personnel system at the local, state, and national level. Emphasis is on such areas as the political activity of government employees, the application of the principle of equal opportunity and affirmative action, and the role of collective bargaining in government.
We examine health policy at all levels of government, with particular focus on the interdependence of the national, state, and local governments to provide health services. The political environment of health policymaking and implementation is explored. Health policies such as Medicaid, Medicare, and the Affordable Care Act will be examined, as well as other policies that impact health. We examine the policymaking process in general, applying health policy to the concepts and theories. We compare the US health care system with systems in other industrialized democracies.
In this course we will examine one of the most enduring social problems in the United States – poverty. The course is divided into three sections. In the first section, we will primarily focus on the conceptualization and measurement of poverty, as well as the demographic groups that are most likely to suffer from high poverty rates. In the second part of the course, we will review in detail the major government programs aimed at alleviating poverty. We will examine their historical development, their structure and the social science research on their effectiveness. In the third section of the course we will review alternative explanations for poverty, focusing on the distinction between individual and structural explanations and how it influences public discourse and the politics of poverty. As this is an upper level course that fulfills the university’s writing requirement, there will be a significant amount of writing in this class. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
This class will examine the origins and history of the conservative political movement in the United States, following the development of this ideology from its origins as a small movement of journalists and intellectuals to the dominant ideology of the Republican Party, and ultimately, for a time, the dominant ideology in the United States. This class will focus primarily on texts written from a conservative or right-wing perspective. That said, the purpose of this class is not indoctrination. Students are encouraged to engage in vigorous, respectful class discussions on the ideas presented, noting any weaknesses perceived in the arguments considered. Writing proficiency is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
This course is a seminar studying the inseparable relationship between politics and education. The course will primarily focus on K-12 education. What is the purpose of education? Do all students in the United States deserve equal educational opportunities? Does the system allow for all students to have equal educational opportunities? What role do students, educators, local school board members, state legislators, and representatives of the federal government play in shaping education? The course explores the influence of various actors at the local, state, and federal level on the education of students. Students will discuss the impact of interest groups, political parties, teachers’ unions, and other non-governmental actors. Which groups have the best interest of students in mind and which groups are motivated by self-interest? Writing proficiency within the discipline is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student in this discipline will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
The concept of equal opportunity is a bedrock principle of American political culture. We pride ourselves on the idea that all Americans, regardless of race, gender, class level or other demographic characteristics, have a chance to live the American Dream of getting a good job, owning your own home and creating a successful and satisfying life. This course will examine whether equal opportunity is a reality in America, and what effect the law and public policy have on equal opportunity. Writing proficiency within the discipline is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student in this discipline will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
Law is traditionally studied vocationally. That is, students of the law often learn about it strategically, in order to eventually write legislation, advocate for a client, or decide cases. In this class, students will be introduced to a different way of studying law, one rooted in the interdisciplinary field of legal studies (sometimes known as “law and society”) that draws on knowledge, methodologies, and critical theories from several disciplines. Rather than studying law as an enterprise that operates autonomously, this course introduces students to the study of law as an object that cannot be understood apart from the social, political, and cultural contexts in which it exists, to include race and ethnicity, social class, gender, sexual orientation, and nationality. With these goals in mind, this course will explore how law permeates human life and, conversely, how human life permeates law. As this course is one that satisfies the “W” requirement, writing proficiency within this discipline is required for a passing grade in this course. A student who does not write with the skill normally required of an upper-division student will not earn a passing grade, no matter how well the student performs in other areas of the course.
Experiential learning course. Course content varies from offering to offering. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 hours, with permission of the department.